Correlation between LCA framework and EN 15804 and EN 50693 modules

EPDs are based on LCA calculations. LCA is conducted by defining product systems as models that describe key elements of the product system i.e., extraction of raw materials, production, use, and end-of-life of the product. As required by the ISO 14040 & 14044 [1], consistency of system boundaries is important for good LCA studies. Analogously, this applies to EPDs as well.

Depending on product type, EPDs are based on different standards and Product Category Rules (PCRs). Moreover, there are slight differences in the definitions of the life cycle stages in the standards and PCRs. For example, the general LCA framework generally categorizes life cycle stages of products into upstream[1], core[2], and downstream[3] value chain activities.  The EN 50693 standard [2] uses the manufacturing, distribution, installation, use, de-installation, and end-of-life stages. The EN 15804 Standard, on the other hand further disaggregates the life cycle stages into A1-A3, A4, A5, B1-B7, C1-C4, and D modules [3]. As a result, an appropriate correlation between the life cycle stages is essential for correctly interpreting and understanding LCA and EPD results. The correlation between the life cycle stage definitions in the general LCA framework, the EN 15804, and EN 50693 are shown in Table 1.

Interpretation in the different standards

The environmental impacts associated allocated to upstream processes include modules A1 and A2 in (EN 15804). This corresponds to section 4.2.4.2 parts a & b of the EN 50693.

Whereas the Core life cycle stage corresponds to A2 in EN 15804, the core is part of the manufacturing stage in EN 50693 (section 4.2.4.2 – c & d).

All the remaining life cycle stages are categorized as downstream, and it includes value chain activities occurring after the product exits the manufacturing facility. In the EN 15804 standard, it comprises the A4, A5, B1-B7, C1-C4, and D modules. In EN 50693, it contains the distribution, installation, use, de-installation, and end-of-life stages.

Whereas environmental loads and benefits of the product system are aggregated into module D in the EN 15804 standard, it must be reported separately for each life cycle stage in EN 50693.

Note

1. Whereas results from one module can be aggregated into another, disaggregation is impossible. For example, comparing the EN 15804 and EN 50693 standards, environmental impacts from modules A1, A2, and A3 (EN 15804) can be aggregated into the manufacturing stage (of EN 50693). However, environmental impacts of the manufacturing stage (EN 50693) cannot be disaggregated into A1, A2, and A3 modules (of EN 15804).
2. Environmental impact indicators must be determined by using the characterization factors and impact assessment methods as stated in EN 15804:2012+A2:2019.